Historian Jonathan Daniel describes in The Kidnapping Club how a kidnapping ring targeted Black children in New York City in order to sell them into slavery in the 1830s. In the Reconstruction and Jim Crow eras in the South and other parts of the country, as many Black Americans migrated to North, Black children were targeted by lynching gangs. Enforcers of sundown towns, or towns where Black Americans were targeted and attacked after dark, targeted children with impunity. According to a study published in 2017 in the American Journal of Public Health, over half of Black children will experience contact with child protective services by the age of 18. ICE uses similar Gestapo tactics of surprise abductions of people from homes, worship spaces, and schools — but these tactics are homegrown.