A major shift in India’s infrastructure investment came after the government started increasing the capital expenditure budget. Capital expenditure, or public expenditure on infrastructure, has high multiplier effects. The economic survey also said that the effectiveness of the increased capital expenditure depends on the quality of project planning, prioritisation and execution. In core physical infrastructure, roads and highways, railways, civil aviation, and shipping continue to be the primary drivers of India’s infrastructure development. 2.65 lakh crore for FY26, the commissioning of lines has more than doubled in the post-2014 period compared to the previous decade.