But in 2025, Kiwa PI Berlin said non-conformance defects identified during module pre-shipment inspections reached their highest-ever record level in over a decade, of 3.36%. Kiwa PI Berlin attributed the 2025 spike in defects to policy uncertainties in the US, including an increased emphasis on supply chain transparency and the rapid expansion of cell and module manufacturing capacity in emerging manufacturing hubs such as the US and Africa. Overall, of the 85 factories audited by Kiwa PI Berlin in 2025, only 5% achieved an ‘excellent’ rating, with most falling between ‘above average’ and ‘average’. To remain competitive, buyers must strengthen their focus on quality mapping and implement robust controls to ensure their products stand out in the market,” Kiwa PI Berlin noted. Looking ahead, Kiwa PI Berlin said the PV industry’s continued growth and technological advancement will demand even greater diligence in quality assurance.