Reed and Bennett estimate that modifying the Texas grid to handle wind and solar output variability cost Texas electricity consumers $2.3 billion in 2023. As you can see in figure 1, sometimes, on a clear day, with sufficient wind, solar and wind power supply much of the electricity used in Texas. Given that NGCC can provide their own backup power, their backup costs are logically zero. Backup costsThe backup costs for intermittency (sometimes called renewable integration costs, grid balancing costs, or grid firming costs) are from TPPF and EIA. It results in a wind backup cost of $7.42/MWh and a solar cost of $17.27/MWh.