However, districts across the country, including in California, are being targeted by single-issue interest groups, fueling culturally divisive conflict and, at times, violence in schools. A recent national study surveyed superintendents and found the nation’s schools spent $3.2 billion on managing culturally divisive conflict in a single year. As seen across the country, conflict on culturally divisive issues is affecting California districts of all sizes and all political leanings. School districts could update and improve systems for book challenges, such as requiring specific reference to quotes or images. Finally, more research is needed to understand the array of costs associated with culturally divisive conflict.